高中英语语法系列讲座第七讲: 句子成分语境、定义、类别与特性

本文围绕高中英语句法里句子成分的语境、定义、类别和特性展开，助力高中生掌握句法的成分与用法等。

一、句子成分的语境示例

1.课文摘要 First,I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take.The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English,chemistry,world history, and Chinese.I know that Chinese is a very difficult language,but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.

2.句子成分例句

①First,I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take.（主-谓-宾）

②The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history and Chinese.（主-谓-宾 -宾补）

③l know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate.(主-谓-宾/状)

④My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it. （主-谓-宾-状 ）(选自新高中英语必修一Unit 1)

二、句子成分的定义

句子由各个组成部分构成，这些组成部分就叫做句子成分 (sentence elements)。

三、句子成分的类别

英语句子成分主要分为7类：

1. 主语 (subject)

2. 谓语 (predicate)

3. 表语 (predicative)

4. 宾语 (object)

5. 定语 (attribute)

6. 状语 (adverbial)

7. 补语 (complement，包含主语补语和宾语补语)

四、句子成分的特性

1. 确定句子成分是正确理解句子的前提，重要结构通常先出现。

2. 只有名词、代词、动词等有实义的词类可作句子成分，冠词、连词等虚词不可单独作成分。

3. 词、短语、句子均可作句子成分，存在向内层级结构（成分中可嵌套成分，从句中可嵌套从句）。

4. 英语中名词/形容词跟在连系动词后作表语，构成系表结构（相当于谓语），汉语无表语概念。

5. 主语和谓语是句子必需部分；宾语、表语、补足语是必要部分；状语、定语为辅助部分。

6. 感叹语、插入语等为句子独立成分，与其他成分无句法关系。